6.3 Baby: The First Nine Months and 6.4 Growing Up: Non-Human Animals

Baby: The First Nine Months

   1) When does the baby: (a) begin to move (b) open it eyes (c) begin to kick its mother so that she    notices?
   (a)The baby begins to move at 10 weeks (b) the baby begins to open its eyes at 26 weeks (c) the mother begins to feel the baby's kicks at 18 weeks

   2) When is the baby: (a) as long as a finger nail (b) as long as your foot?
   (a) The baby is about as long as your finger nail by two weeks (b) Babies are about as long as your foot by twelve weeks

   3) Babies which are born early are kept warm in incubators. Why?
       Babies premature need to be kept warm because there mechanism to maintain body temperature is still not functioning and they can't maintain proper body temperature, so they need an incubator

   5) Try to find out: why girls should be given injections to prevent them from getting German measles.
       Girls need to be given the injection before they reach puberty because if given during puberty it is not effective.

6.4 Growing Up: Non-Human Animals

   1) Which two things do all growing embryos need?
       All growing embryos need oxygen and food
   2) How does: (a) frog embryo get the oxygen it needs? (b) a human embryo get the oxygen it needs?
       (a) Frog embryos get their oxygen through the egg (b) A human embryo gets its oxygen through the blood pumped into its body through the umbilical cord
   3) (a) What is the yolk's job in the egg? (b) As the chicken grows, the egg's yolk gets smaller. Why?
       (a) The job of the yolk is to provide food for the growing embryo (b) The yolk gets smaller for two reasons; to make space for the chick, and because the chick has been feeding on it
   4) Make lists of animals which grow: (a) inside their mother (b) inside eggs which  the mother lays
       (a) elephant - human - dog - cat - mouse - whale - dolphin - giraffe
       (b) snake - sea turtle - sparrow - chickens - frogs - crocodile - ostrich - tuna
   5) Which animals produce embryos that grow that grow into larvae?
       Some animals include flies, beetles, frogs, cockroaches and butterflies
   6) Try to find out: how lizard embryos grow
       
       

Dissection of a Flower

Today we dissected a flower to see if we could find and photograph the different parts of the reproductive system, as this would help us visualize and understand how this system worked.

Here we see the female reproductive part, the pistil, and the different parts of it

Here we can see the inside of the ovary, although it it isn't very clear here, this is where the eggs should be

Here we see the male part of the flower, the stamen, where the pollen is produced

here we see the petal, which is a superficial part of the flower that is supposed to attract insects

Light Brainpop Summary

There are two types of light; natural light and artificial light. Artificial light is formed when matter gives off energy in the form of light rays. You can produce artificial light in two ways; 1) by heating something up e.g. the wick of a candle or 2) by running electricity through either a solid like a light bulb filaments or through a gas like neon, to produce light. The other type of light is natural light, and there a few different examples. The sun is a natural source of light, and is basically a ball of flame, which is again light in the form of heat. Some animals are also able to produce their own light through chemical reactions in their bodies. Light sources are emitted in a whole spectrum of radiation, called the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a spectrum of "all the possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation" (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Wikiedia.org). Light can be thought of in two ways, either in waves with electromagnetic field, or sometimes in discreet packets of energy called photons. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, it can travel through space and does not need a medium to travel through. Light travels at roughly 300 k/s, or 299,792,458 m/s. Light travels in straight lines, but when it hits an object it reflects off, and that is why we can see things.

Light Reflecting off a Mirror

Flames Optical Illusion

This is the optical illusion we did in class, and although it seems that the flame is coming out of my hand, it is actually an optical illusion, we used a Plexiglas screen, and using the properties of mirrors, we were able to create this illusion. I was behind the screen, while the Bunsen burner was on the other side, and, because a reflected image appears the same distance behind the mirror as it is in front, you can move the Bunsen burner backwards or forwards, then the reflection also moves, and you can make the flame look like its coming out of anywhere. This effect has been used in many movies before computer graphics became as famous.

With a mirror what happens is that when light is reflected, it reflects at the same angle it came, and that is why you can see you self in a mirror. Also, because it reflects in this way, the image always seems to appear at the same distance:

Refraction and Diffraction

Refraction and diffraction 2 different properties of waves, that affect all types of waves. Light normally travels in straight a straight line as long as it is going through the same material. Once is begins going through a different material, it refracts, meaning that it bends, because it travels at a different speed through other materials than it does through air, due to the variation in density, and this causes images to appear bent or distorted. To measure this, we measure the angle of refraction, which is the angle at which a color of light is bent when being refracted. Different colors have different angles of refraction. A prism refracts all colors of light at different angles so that you can see them as a rainbow, as well as rain drops on a sunny day. Diffraction, on the other hand, is "the bending and spreading of waves around different obstacles" (Brainpop: Refraction and Diffraction). Diffraction is like radio waves radiating from a television base, or when you talk. The waves don't all travel in a straight line, but instead in all directions, so that they reach different places. Another example of diffraction is the passing of waves through a small hole. The waves on the other side will spread out. If there is more than one one hole, the waves spread out and overlap, creating a predictable interference pattern. Diffraction can be used, for example, to create x-ray images of small objects, or images of very distant ones.

Diffraction

Refraction

Waves Paragraph Summary

All waves do the same thing, transfer energy from one place to another, but there are two types of waves, mechanical and electromagnetic. All waves that need a medium to move through are called mechanical waves. These include sound waves, ocean waves and seismic wave. In mechanical waves, the medium may move but will return to its original position. Waves that need a medium to travel through cannot through travel a vacuum such as space, because they have nothing to move through. These waves work by moving energy from particle to particle, until they reach their destination. Electromagnetic waves, however, such as light, x-rays, and radio waves, do not need a medium to travel through, and can travel through empty space. That is why the sun's rays are able to travel to earth. Although these 2 types of waves are different, they can be measured in many of the same ways. The first type is a transverse wave, which are waves that carry energy by moving at right angles to the direction of the energy flow. Ocean waves, and most electromagnetic waves are have a transverse wave pattern. The highest point of a transverse wave is the crest, while the lowest point is called the trough. The distance between the middle of the wave and the crest is called the amplitude, which is used to measure how much energy the wave has, the larger the amplitude, the more energy the wave is carrying. To find a wave's wavelength, you either measure the distance between two adjacent crests, or to adjacent troughs. Another way of measuring transverse waves is by their frequency, which is the number of waves that pass a certain point in one second, and is usually measured in hertz. The other type of measuring waves is compressional waves, which move my displacing matter back and forth in the direction of the energy flow. Sound travels in this type of wave, by preforming a series of compressions that travel through the air.

Transverse Waves

Compressional Waves

Different Frequencies

The Behavior of Light

22.1 Shadows and Reflections

1. What evidence do you have that light travels in a straight line?

First of all, we can see that the shadow of an object is always in the opposite direction the light is coming from, and always continues with the light in a straight line. As well, light doesn’t bend around corners or stuff.

2.

3. When light is reflected in a mirror, what is special about the angle of the incident and reflected rays?

Their angles to the mirror are the same.

4. Where is the image when you look at something in a mirror?

It appears to be behind the mirror, because of the way light reflects off the mirrior

5. Light travels in straight lines. If you hide just around a corner so that you can’t see your friends, can they see you?

No, as long as you cannot see your friends, they cannot see you because light travels in straight lines, and if you are behind a wall, it will be blocked.

22.1 Reflections by Different Surfaces

1. What can you see in a completely dark room?

Nothing, because there is no light to reflect off anything

2. If you place a lamp in this dark room as a light source, explain how you now see: a) the lamp b) a piece of paper

a) You can see the lamp because it is a source of light, and produces its own light b) there is now a light source that can provide light to reflect off the paper so you can see it

3. What types of mirror could you sue for make-up or shaving? What would be the advantages of each type?

For shaving you might want to use a concave mirror, and the advantage here is that it will give you a magnified image so you can see If you missed anything, and for make-up you could use a convex mirror, and the advantage of that would be you able to see your whole face.

4. If a driver has one convex and one plane rear-view mirror, how would the images in each appear different?

The image in the plane mirror would appear unaltered, while the image in the convex mirror would appear smaller than normal

5. Why could you not use a concave mirror as a rear-view mirror?

Concave mirrors would show you anything that far off it would be smaller and upside down

6. List as many different uses as you can for plane, convex and concave mirrors

Plane: on dresser – rear-view – full size (one in stores)

Convex: rear-view – make-up – stores

Concave: Shaving – Medical - dental

Three experiments showing how your pinhole camera works

Experiment 1

(a) It is up side down

(b) Very light color, as far as I can tell

(c) Not the same size

Experiment 2

(a) The close the pinhole camera the larger the image, and the farther the smaller the image

(b) The farther the pinhole camera the more clear the image is

Experiment 3

When there are two pinholes, there are two images

Experiment 4

(a) Brighter

(b) Fuzzier

(c) Bigger

Experiment 5

We put the lenses on the outside of the box, but in general the lenses were to help make the image more clear, because they can focus the light and make it clearer.

Experiment 6

1. The window will show because the light of the sun make it stand out in a dark room

2. We sat someone in front of the window, but we could only make out their silhouette

3. Lenses helped focus the light, the closer the lens, the more focused the images, but the smaller, while the farther the lens the bigger the images, but the fuzzier

Questions

1. The inside of the camera needed to be black to absorb the light

2. We did not use a light shield, but the light shield would be for keeping unwanted light out, and from keeping the light inside from leaving (as far as I understand).

3. The lens can focus the light so that it is in a beam, and not all over the place, giving a clearer image.

What Have You Learned About Your Taste, Smell and How Your Skin Feels

This unit we have been talking about the senses and how they work, mainly taste, smell and touch or feel.

Taste: Your tongue is the muscle you use to taste foods. The tongue can taste anything anywhere, and the myth about you being able to taste certain flavors on certain parts of your tongue was fake, and there is not tongue map. Foods have chemicals in them that are absorbed by your taste buds, which are little "bumps" all over your tongue that absorb the taste chemicals, and send a message to your brain, telling you what the flavor is, either sweet, sour, bitter, salty or (according to the brainpop video) umami.

Smell: Your nose is what is used to smell, and when you smell something, what happens is particles of the thing are going up into your nose, where you have hairs called cilia, that have chemical receptors. When a molecule hits a hair, it sends a message or signal to something called your olfactory bulb, which is an extension of the brain that detects different odors

Feel:The last one is feel or touch. Our skin can detect pressure, temperature and pain. To feel these things, we have nerves under our skin that can sense the different things. These nerves are called dermis and they send the different sensations to your spinal cord, which forwards it on to your brain. The more nerve endings there are in a certain body part, the more sensitive it is. Mechanoreceptors are what let you feel pressure (including pain) and vibration, as well as thermoreceptors, which allow you to feel temperature.

How Can You Imrpove Your MYP Grade Next Term

Even though I got a 7 MYP Grade this term, there is still room to improve other aspects of my learning, and my total was a 34 so that means I could still improve. I think for next term, I would like to organize my work a bit better, because I ended up doing a lot of the work last minute, and so it didn't always come out to the best of my ability. Also, I would like to focus on actually bringing the stuff with me to school, because it occurred a few times where I had done the work, but forgot to bring it, and handing it in late would give a bad mark. Also, I would like to try to improve my focus in class, and remember to always write down agendas.

The Tongue Experiment

I sort of agree with Dr. Edward, but sort of disagree. First of all I found that the parts were not as definite as they were drawn. Second of all, I found that you could taste anything anywhere faintly, but the places the tastes were most flavorful were the parts mapped out. So I sort of agree and disagree at the same time.

Chile News Report

Micro Life Agendas

2^nd February

- Show petri plates bread mold

- Discuss lab write-ups

- Show where students can get info to review from

- Discuss differences between bacteria and viruses and how they cause diseases

8^th February

- Test February 17^th

- Discuss grades

- One world – need to finish by Wednesday. Will write up on Wednesday

22^nd February

- What is a mineral?

- How is it different than a rock?

- What are crystals?

- How are crystals made?

- How are minerals different from each other?

- How are minerals used? What is an ore?

23^rd February

- Pass back and go over Micro Life Test

- Go over assignments on the wiki page

- Explain our activity

24^th February

- Topic Today: Structure of the Earth – What do you already know?

- Key Concepts to learn today – What minerals are and how they relate to the structure of the earth.

- Do group activity to learn about minerals and update blogs and get assignments up to date.

What is a Mineral?

What is a mineral?

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid (meaning that it it happens naturally, does not need human influence) that is made up under different geological chemical pressures. It has specific physical and atomic structures, contrary to rocks.
How is a mineral different than a rock?

A rock is made up of 2 or more minerals, meaning it is a mixture of combination.
How are crystals made?

Crystals are made when water that is rich in minerals gets into the cavities or holes in rocks to form crystals over time. Crystals can take hundreds of years to form which is one of the reasons why crystals are so valuable

How are minerals different from each other?

Different minerals have their atoms or molecules arranged in a different order, giving them their different properties.
How are minerals used?

Minerals are used for different things. The human body needs a certain amount of minerals, and so minerals can be used to keep you healthy, but that is in small quantities. Everything we use in our daily life is somehow connected to minerals, from our faucets that have iron in them, to our light switches that have copper and aluminium, they are there daily for our needs.

What is an ore?

Ore is a rock that contains useful minerals that are extracted in the process of mining.

Why is Understanding the Structure of the Earth Important?

When we understand how the earth is made up (its structure) it can help us in many things. First of all, in a country like Qatar, this is important so we know how deep and where to dig to find petroleum and natural gas. In general it is helpful for studying the earth, for knowing how deep it is safe to dig, to know about the habitats of underground animals, and to be able to find gems and precious stones. Knowing the structure of the earth can also help us when we are studying minerals. Another very important things about knowing the structure of the earth is to find out where to dig for water, and knowing which parts of the earth are fertile for planting.

(both questions answered in one paragraph).

Immune System

Your immunes system is a system of tissues, cells and organs that help your body defend itself against germs. Your basic immune system starts with some general defense systems against pathogens, which are germs that can make you sick. Your first part is your skin, which is really like a shield that prevents pathogens from entering you body. Another part is the mucus in your nose, which prevents pathogens getting in through your airways, while the acid in your stomach can incinerate any pathogens that are on the food you eat. When a germ is able to somehow bypass you body's basic defenses, there are always white blood cells on patrol, looking for these germs, and when they recognize a germ, they kill it before it is able to preform damage. The problem happens when your body doesn't recognize a germ and it is able to multiply and make you sick, although your immune system will soon catch on and produce antibodies which can uniquely latch on to pathogens and can either handle them themselves, or call on white blood cell to do the fighting. Sometimes with bacterial infections, you need the aid of antibiotics to help fight off the bacteria.

Boogers

Boogers are actually a defense mechanism of your body, and if your body produces produces boogers, you should know that your immunes system is functioning properly. The air we breathe is never pure, and contains all kinds of dust and germs that would be harmful inside our bodies. Your nose is lined with mucus membrane, which is a specialized tissue that produces mucus, a slimy clear substance. This mucus traps all these unwanted germs as they enter the body, before they are able to proceed down onto your lungs, as well as containing enzymes and antibodies, that destroy these unwanted visitors. After the mucus is filled up with germs, it turn its greenish color, and becomes what we know as boogers. Your body produces about a 1/4 of a liter of mucus a day, and more when you are sick, to stop germs. Nasal hairs in your nose, called cilia, push your boogers to 1 of 2 places, either down your throat to be swallowed, or down you nose so you can blow them out.

Swine Flu

The swine flu is a recent (9-10 month-old) epidemic, which is a disease that spreads quickly, and is hard to contain. The swine flu cannot be caught by eating well-cooked pork products, but by coming in contact with uncooked pig or swine. Scientists have actually discovered that it is a mix between 2 swine flu particles, 1 avian flu and 1 human.

Other Page

This is the link to my science page: http://15htk1.qataracademy.wikispaces.net/7+Science

Here is where i will post all the original word documents incase of them being hard to read on the blogger

Microbes and Food and Preserving Food 17.2

17.2 Preserving Food

1) You are writing a recipe for bottling fruit. Which stages would you stress to make sure that the fruit would keep well?

I would stress closing the container and refridgeration.

2) Why can dried fruit be kept for much longer than fresh fruit?

Moisture is what bacteria can live on, and when something is dried, it needs a while to retain moisture again, taking longer time to spoil.

3) ‘Steak tartare’ (minced steak mixed with egg yolk) is eaten raw.

a) What are the dangers of eating raw meat and eggs?

Raw foods are prone to bacteria, while cooking can actually kill bacteria.

b) Which of the above methods could be used to kill the bacteria in the meat? (Heating isn’t allowed!)

Irradiation is probably the most useful method in such a case.

4) Chickens and turkey contain salmonella bacteria

a) Do frozen chickens and turkeys contain these bacteria?

Yes they do, because freezing does not kill bacteria, it merely slows its growth.

b) Why is it important to let the bird thaw out completely before cooking it?

If you don’t completely thaw out the bird, the inside will remain raw after cooking, so the chicken will have microbes on the inside still.

5) Why is it dangerous to thaw frozen meat and then refreeze it without cooking?

When food is completely unfrozen, dangerous bacteria can begin to [quickly] grow on it, and because a freezer does not kill bacteria, if you unfreeze meet then refreeze it again, there is still danger of bacteria being there.

17.2 Microbes and Food

1) List the main types of microbe and their effects.

a. Fungi (important in eating)

b. Bacteria (can help you with vital processes, can make you sick)

c. Algae (provide a lot of the oxygen we breathe)

d. Viruses (Make you sick)

e. Protozoa (feed on material, decompose)

2) Make a list of foods which use fungi in their production. Try to find out others not mentioned here.

1. Artificial Citric Acid

2. Vitamins

3. Soy sauce

4. Processed meat products

3) Name a fungus you can eat which isn’t a microbe

Mushroom

4) What would be an alternative way of producing bubbles in bread

Pumping oxygen in manually, but that would be very painstaking.

5) Try to find out other types of food which use bacteria in their production

1. Butter

2. MSG (monosodium glutamate)

3. Alcoholic drinks

4. Kefir

Studying Animal and Plant Cells Homework

Studying Animal and Plant Cells

Animal Cells

1) Fat cells and muscle cells

2) Egg-ish or circular

3) A: nucleus B: cell membrane C: cytoplasm

Parts of animal cell	Role(s)
Nucleus	The control center, it gives information on what type of cell is formed
Cell membrane	An outer delicate layer that contains the contents of the cell and allows substances to enter and leave
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like liquid where cell activity occurs

4)

5) No I do not think the nucleus must always be in the middle of the cell. Plant cells do not have the nucleus in the middle

6) Animals cells have no cell wall, while a plant cell does, keeping everything contained inside

Plant Cells

1) The plant cell is rectangular

2) A root cell

3) Cytoplasms, cell membranes and nuclei are found in both plant and animal cells

4) Cell vacuoles, cell walls and chloroplasts are found only in plant cells

Part of Plant Cell	Role(s)
Cell wall	An outer protective layer that keeps the cell rigid
Chloroplast	A structure that contains green pigment that traps light
Cell vacuole	A fluid-filled space inside the cell that gives the cell its shape.

5)

note, that although i will publish all homeworks here, i will always post a link to the original file, in case there are any mistakes. here is the link to the original file: http://15htk1.qataracademy.wikispaces.net/file/view/Studying+Animal+and+Plant+Cells.docx

Plant and Animal Brainpop Homework

Plant and Animal Cells: Differences and Similarities

Animal cell are made of a nucleus, a cytoplasm, organelles (little parts that are like the different organs of a cell) and cell membrane. While plant cell may have all these, plant cells also have a cell wall which is a rigid sort of outer coating that helps maintain the cell’s shape. Plant cells also have chloroplasts, which only plant cells need for photosynthesis.

Bacteria

Bacteria are single celled organisms that are everywhere. They are everywhere you go, and to remove bacteria from something is call sterilization. Bacteria have a role in many things. For example, bacteria are in our digestive tract, and they help us digest things we normally wouldn’t be able to digest. Plants need bacteria as well, as they convert nitrogen in the soil to simpler forms that plants are able to absorb. The downside of bacteria is that some of them are bad, for example, they are responsible for many know diseases, and they are not always on our side. Bacteria are different from other types of cells, they are prokaryotic, which means that their nuclear material is not surrounded by a membrane.

Pictures of Different Cells

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Links to original files:

As with always (and because the pictures are cut off), i will post individual links to the original files
Write Up (with similarities and differences): http://15htk1.qataracademy.wikispaces.net/file/view/Plant+and+Animal+Cells.docx
Animal Cell Picture: http://15htk1.qataracademy.wikispaces.net/file/view/Animal_Cell.jpg
Plant Cell Picture: http://15htk1.qataracademy.wikispaces.net/file/view/Plant_Cell.jpg

Microbes Homework

Go to websites:

http://www.microbeworld.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=55

http://www.microbeworld.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=59

Answer each question in your notebook.

1. Write a short introductory paragraph for this topic

Microbes are tiny unseen forms of life that are only single celled. They are vital to us, and we need them for many essential processes such as eating or breathing, and without us, they’d probably be fine, they were even alive with and before the dinosaurs and fossils date back to as far as 3.5 billion years.

2. What is the term microbe used for?

The term microbes is used to describe small single celled organisms which are vital in the lives of humans, as many of them are useful and help us live. They are also too small to be seen by the naked eye.

3. List the five types of microbes.

Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses

4. Draw and colour some microbes.

5. If you enlarged the smallest microbe, a virus to the size of a baseball, how big would the other microbes be in comparison? Draw and colour some diagrams to explain your answer.

Virus bacterium human cell

6. What features do microbes have that make them successful?

They are small and can reproduce quickly. They are also very basic and can survive in many different environments.

7. From the microbes in the news file choose two articles and explain each one briefly.

pictures did not show up clearly, but you can find the original document at http://15htk1.qataracademy.wikispaces.net/file/view/MICROBES.docx

Introduction

Hey, everybody. This is my Science blog, where i will electronically submit my homework.